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MKH: Muka Head Station
MKH site photos
General site details (Updated January 31, 2025)
 Site name
 Muka Head Station
 AsiaFlux site code
 MKH
 Location Pinang Island, Peninsular Malaysia
 Position 5°28'06″ N, 100°12'01″ E
 Elevation 5.6 m above sea level
 Slope -
 Terrain type
 Seawater surface
 Area 6.25 ha
 Fetch 100-500 m
 Climate Tropical rain (Af)
 Mean annual air temperature
 28.1 ℃ (2019-2020)
 Mean annual precipitation
 2388 mm (2019-2020)
 Vegetation type
 Coastal water
 Dominant Species (Overstory)
 -
 Dominant Species (Understory)
 -
 Canopy height
 -
 Age -
 LAI -
 Soil type
 -

Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
 System Open-path system (CO2 flux, latent heat flux)
 Wind speed
 Three-dimensional sonic anemometer
 (model 81000V, RM Young, USA)
 Air temperature
 Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive
 hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland)
 Water vapor
 Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR)
 CO2 Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR)
 Measurement height
 4.1 m above the water surface
 Sampling frequency
 10 Hz
 Averaging time
 30 min.
 Data logger
 LI-7550 Analyzer Interface Unit, LI-COR, Inc., USA
 Data storage
 PC
 Original data
 Raw data

Meteorology
 Observation items
 Levels/Depth Instrument
 Global solar radiation
 (incoming)
 4.1 m above the water surface
 Pyranometer (LI-200SL, LI-COR, USA)
 Net radiation
 4.1 m above the water surface Net Radiometer (NR Lite 2, Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands)
 Air temperature
 4.1 m above the water surface Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland)
 Humidity 4.1 m above the water surface Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland)
 Wind speed
 4.1 m above the water surface Sonic anemometer (RM81000, Young, USA)
 Wind direction
 4.1 m above the water surface Sonic anemometer (RM81000, Young, USA)
 Barometric pressure
 4.1 m above the water surface Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer
 (LI-7500, LI-COR)
 CO2 concentration
 4.1 m above the water surface Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer
 (LI-7500, LI-COR)

 
Observation Period and Data Availability
 Measurement Period
 January 2016 to December 2016
 Measurement Frequency
 Continuous
 Data Availability
 2016 in AsiaFlux Database

Contact
 Yusri Yusup (yusriy[at]usm.my)
 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS)
 Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia
 Universiti Sains Malaysia
 11700 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
 Tel: +604-653-5201
 URL: https://atmosfera.usm.my (sever is under maintenance)

Infrastructure
 Platform, Electrical power (AC), Facilities for communication (internet and cellular), Accommodation (hostel)

Research Fund
 The Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Research University Grant
 (1001/PTEKIND/811316)

Calibration Information
 Open-path analyzers were calibrated approximately every year with standard CO2 gases and a dew point generator (LI-7500, LI-COR).

Publication
 Yusup, Y., Kayode, J. S., and Alkarkhi, A. F. M. 2018. Data on micrometeorological parameters and energy fluxes at an intertidal zone of a tropical coastal ocean. Data in Brief, 21, 13-17.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.108
 
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