PSO:Pasoh Forest Reserve

General site detail (Updated 21 November 2011)
 Site name
 Pasoh Forest Reserve
 AsiaFlux site code
 PSO
 Location Negeri Sembilan, Peninsula Malaysia, Malaysia
 Position 2º 58' N, 102º 18' E
 Elevation 75-150 m above sea level
 Slope -
 Terrain type
 gentle hillslope
 Area 2450 ha (area of the Forest Reserve)
 Fetch 3500 m (north), 800 m (south)
 Climate Tropical rain, Af
 Mean annual air temperature
 25.3 degreeC (2003-2009)
 Mean annual precipitation
 1804mm (1983-1997), 1865mm(2003-2009)
 Vegetation type
 Primary lowland mixed dipterocarp forest
 (Tropical rain forest)
 Domestic species (Overstory)
 Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Burseraceae 
 (814 species exits in the 50ha plot in PFR)
 Dominant species (Understory)
 Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae
 Canopy height
 continuous canopy height is approximately 35m,  emergent trees exceed 45m
 Age Primary forest
 LAI 6.52
 Soil type
 Ultisols and Oxisols (Haplic Acrisol and Xanthic  Ferralsol in FAO classification)

Observations
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
 System Open-path system 
 Wind speed 
 Sonic anemometer thermometer (SAT550, KAIJO, Japan)
 Air temperature
 Sonic anemometer thermometer (SAT550, KAIJO, Japan)
 Water vapor
 Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI7500, LICOR, USA)
 CO2 Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI7500, LICOR, USA)
 Measurement height
 54 m
 Sampling frequency
 10 Hz
 Averaging time
 30 min
 Data logger
 CR5000, Campbell, USA
 Data storage
 FC
 Original data
 Raw data

Meteorology
 Observation items
  Levels/ Depth
 Instrument 
 Global solar radiation(incoming)
 52 m


 30,25,20,15,10,5,2  (m)
 MR-22
 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1  (Kipp & Zonen)
 PCM-01 (PREDE, Japan)
 Global solar 
radiation (outgoing)
 52 m


 2 m
 MR-22
 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1  (Kipp & Zonen)
 PCM-01 (PREDE, Japan)
 Long-wave radiation(incoming) 
 52 m PIR (Epply, USA)
 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1  (Kipp & Zonen)
 Long-wave radiation(outgoing) 52 m PIR (Epply, USA)
 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1  (Kipp & Zonen)
 Net radiation
 - 
 PPFD (incoming)
  52, 2 m
 30,25,20,15,10,5  (m)
 LI190 (LICOR, USA)
 PAR01(Prede, Japan)
 PPFD (outgoing)
  52, 2 m LI190 (LICOR, USA)
 Direct / diffuse radiation
 - 
 Direct / diffuse PPFD
 - 
 Air temperature
 52,45,40,  30,20,10,5,1  (m) HMP45 (VAISALA, Finland)
 Humidity 52,45,40,  30,20,10,5,1  (m) HMP45 (VAISALA, Finland)
 Soil temperature
 0.1, 0.02 m 
 Thermistor (107, Campbell, USA)
 Soil heat flux
 0.01 m 
 PRF-01 (prede, Japan)
 Soil water 
 content 
 0.01,0.02,0.03 (m)
 0.01, 0.02, 0.03,  0.05,  0.1m
 CS515 or CS516 (Campbell, USA) 
 Tensiometer (DIK3150, Daiki Rika,  Japan)
 Wind speed
 53.45 m 
 AC750 (MAKINO, Japan)
 Wind direction
 54 m SAT550, KAIJO, Japan
 Barometric 
 pressure
 50 m PTB210 (VAISALA, Finland)
 Precipitation 53 m Tipping bucket rain gauge
 (RT-5, Ikeda Keiki, Japan)
 COconcentration
 53,45,30,20,10,5,2,  1, 0.5, 0.2 (m) Automated profiling system (HT-CT-P;  Hydrotech, Shiga, Japan) with a closed-path  CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7000, LI-COR, USA)
Other
 Soil respiration
 Occasionally with closed dynamic  chamber method (LI6262 or LI820, LICOR,  USA)
 Photosynthesis Occasionally with LI-6400 (Li-cor)
 Ecological investigation
 DBH, Tree height, Above and below  ground biomass, Gene diversity
 Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes Occasionally with closed static chamber  method
 
Observation Period and data Availability
 Measurement Period
 September 2002 to present
 Measurement Frequency
 Continuous
 Data Availability
 2003-2009 in AsiaFlux Database
 Contact
 Yoshiko Kosugi (ykosugi [at] kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp)
 Forest hydrology
 Graduate school agriculture, Kyoto University
 Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
 Tel:+81-75-753-6086 Fax:+81-75-753-6149
 http://www.bluemoon.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pasoh/index.html
 Satoru Takanashi (tnsatoru [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp)
 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
 Tel:+81-29-829-8242 Fax:+81-29-874-3720
 Shinjiro Ohkubo (shinjiro [at] kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp)
 Forest hydrologyGraduate school agriculture, Kyoto  UniversityKitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
 Tel:+81-75-753-6149 Fax:+81-75-753-6149
 Infrastructure
 Tower, Canopy walk way, Electrical power (220V AC), Solar cell (24V  DC)
 Research Fund
 Global Environment Research Fund B-3 (FY2000-2002) by Ministry of  Environment, Japan

 Global Environment Research Fund S-1 (FY2003-2006) by Ministry of  Environment, Japan

 Grants for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture,  Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
 Publication
Itoh, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Kanemitsu, S., Hayashi, Y., Osaka, K.,Tani, M., Abdul Rahim N.: Effects of soil water status on the spatial variation of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in tropical rain-forest soils in Peninsular Malaysia, Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 557-570, 2012, DOI:10.1017/S0266467412000569

Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Yokoyama, N., Philip, E., Kamakura, M.: Vertical variation in leaf gas exchange parameters for a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia, Journal of Plant Research, 125, 735-748, 2012, DOI:10.1007/s10265-012-0495-5

Makita, N., Kosugi, Y., Dannoura, M., Takanashi, S., Niiyama, K., Abdul Rahman K., Abdul Rahim N.: Patterns of root respiration rates and morphological traits in 13 tree species in a tropical forest, Tree Physiology, 32, 303-312, 2012, DOI:10.1093/treephys/tps008

Kamakura, M., Kosugi, Y., Nakagawa, R., Itoh, M.: Methane flux of leaves in a tropical rainforest and a temperate conifer forest, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 68, 25-33, 2012, DOI:10.2480/agrmet.68.1.3

Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Tani, M., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim N.: Effect of inter-annual climate variability on evapotranspiration and canopy CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Forest Research, 17, 227-240, 2012, DOI 10.1007/s10310-010-0235-4

Kamakura, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Matsumoto, K., Okumura, M., Philip, E.: Patchy stomatal behavior during midday depression of leaf CO2 exchange in tropical trees. Tree Physiology, 31, 160-168, 2011 DOI: 10.1007/s10310-010-0235-4

Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., Abdul Rahim, N: Water and heat fluxes above a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Hydrological Processes, 24, 472-480, 2010, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7499

Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Matsuo, N., Abdul Rahim, N: Midday depression of leaf CO2 exchange within the crown of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Tree Physiology, 29, 505-515, 2009, DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn041

Saito, T., Yokouchi, Y., Kosugi, Y., Tani, M., E. Philip, and T. Okuda, Methyl chloride and isoprene emissions from tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19812, 2008, doi:10.1029/2008GL035241

Ohkubo, S., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi. S., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Abdul Rahim, N.: Vertical profiles and storage fluxes of CO2, heat, and water in a tropical rainforest at Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia, Tellus, 60B, 569-582, 2008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00367.x

Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Hirata, R., Ohtani, Y, Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Li, S.G., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani. M., Wang, H.: Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 700-713, 2008

Hirata, R., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Ohtani, Y., Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani, M., Wang, H.: Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 761-775, 2008

Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., Mitani, T., Tsutsumi, D, Abdul Rahim, N: CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 439-452, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.10.007

Kosugi, Y., Mitani, T., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S., Abdul Rahim, N.: Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 147, 35-47, 2007

Fukui, Y., Kosugi, Y., Matsuo, N., Takanashi, S., Tani, M.: Comparison of wate use of various trees grown in several different habitats. J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. & Water Resour 20, 265-277, 2007 (Japanese)

Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., and Ohte, N.: Patchy stomatal behavior in broad-leaved trees grown in different habitats. Tree Physiology 26, 1565-1578, 2006

Konishi, S., Tani, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Sahat, M.M., Abdul Rahim, N., Niiyama, K., Okuda, T.: Characteristics of spatial distribution of throughfall in a lowland tropical rainforest, Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 224, 19-25, 2006

Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Mitani, T., Abdul Rahim N., Characteristics of the gas exchange of a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Phyton 45, 61-66, 2005

Roberts, J.M., Tani, M. et al.: Controls on evaporation in lowland tropical rainforest. Bonell et al. (eds.) Forest, water and People in the Humid Tropics, Cambridge Press, 287-313, 2005

Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim N., Tani, M.: Rainfall characteristics of tropical rainforest at Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. In: Okuda, T. et al (Eds.), Pasoh : Ecology of a lowland rain forest in southeast Asia, Springer, Tokyo, 51-58, 2003

Tani, M., Abdul Rahim N, Noguchi, S..et al: Characteristics of energy exchange and surface conductance of a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Okuda, T. et al (Eds.), Pasoh : Ecology of a lowland rain forest in southeast Asia, Springer, Tokyo, 73-88, 2003

Yasuda, Y., Ohtani, Y., Watanabe, T., Okano, M., Yokota, T., Liang, N., Tang, Y., Abdul Rahim N., Tani, M., Okuda, T.: Measurement of CO2 flux above a tropical rain forest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 114, 235-244, 2003

Ohtani, Y., Okano, M., Tani, M., Yamanoi, T., Watanabe, T., Yasuda, Y., Abdul Rahim N.: Energy and CO2 fluxes above a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. J Agric Meteorol 52, 453-456, 1997